ABSTRACT
Purpose: The aim of this study was to elucidate the type of low vision devices (LVDs) prescribed for patients with cone dystrophy, cone–rod dystrophy, and rod–cone dystrophy and to analyze the visual improvement with the devices. Methods: A retrospective review of 300 electronic medical records of patients with cone dystrophy, cone–rod dystrophy, and rod–cone dystrophy referred to the low vision care (LVC) clinic for the first time between 2014 and 2016 at a tertiary eye care center was done. Collected data included the demographic profile of patients, details of LVDs, and best?corrected vision. Results: Out of 300 patients, 62.6% (n = 188) were male and 37.3% (n = 112) were female. Of the cases, 50% (n = 150) had cone–rod dystrophy, 45% (n = 135) had cone dystrophy, and 5% (n = 15) had rod–cone dystrophy. The most commonly prescribed LVD was SEE?TV binocular telescope (n = 6, 2.0%) for distance and dome magnifier (n = 60, 20%) for near. ET?40 dark grey tint (20.6%) was preferred for managing photophobia. There was a statistically significant difference in both distance and near visual acuities with LVDs (P < 0.05) in all categories, except rod–cone dystrophy. Conclusion: Early diagnosis with appropriate prescription of LVDs including tints helps in achieving good quality of vision in patients with cone?related dystrophies.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Chronic liver disease with or without liverfailure is associated with considerable morbidity andmortality and affects the quality of life as usually they areprogressive and often non-reversible. In the present study wehave attempted to look at the clinical presentation, etiologiesand anemia profile for chronic liver disease patients in ourpopulation. Curent study aimed to assess the clinical profileand type of anemia in chronic liver disease and liver failurein adult patients.Material and Methods: This was a prospective observationalhospital-based study carried out in the department of GeneralMedicine at, over a period of eighteen months. A total of 38patients with chronic liver disease with/without liver failurewere studied for patient demographics, clinical presentation,symptomatology, for etiology of the disease, for degree ofanemia and morphologic type of anemia.Results: The patient age ranged from 19 to 76 years and themale to female ratio was 2.8:1. CLD was most common inthe fifth and sixth decades of life. Malaise, nausea, emesis,jaundice, anemia and hepatomegaly were the most commonclinical features. Most (44.7%) cases were of chronic hepatitiswith cirrhosis. Alcoholic liver disease and HBV infectionwere the most common causes for CLD and liver failure. Atotal of 33 (86.8%) patients had anemia and the normocyticnormochromic type of anemia was the most common (39.4%)type seen.Conclusion: Chronic liver disease and liver failure are morecommon in the fifth and sixth decades of life and are mostoften caused by alcoholic liver disease and HBV infection inIndia. CLD has varied clinical presentation with symptomsoften related to the gastrointestinal tract and organomegaly.It is frequently associated with moderate degree of anemiawhich is often of normocytic type.
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Eyelid sebaceous gland carcinoma (SGC) is an aggressive but rare malignancy of ocular region. Over-expression of PD-L1 and PD-1 has been demonstrated in a variety of solid tumors including conjunctival melanoma. PD-L1 is an immunoinhibitory molecule that suppresses the effective T cells response against tumor antigen leading to the progression of tumors. Inhibitors of the interaction of PD-L1 and PD-1 are associated with good clinical response various carcinomas. The prognostic value of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis in SGC remains unexplored. The purpose of this study was to evaluate expressions of PD-1 and its ligand PD-L1 in SGC and correlate its expression with clinicopathological features and patients survival. Methods: The immunohistochemical expression of PD-L1 and PD-1 was evaluated in 30 SGC cases. Results: PD-L1 immunopositivity was detected in 41.9% of the SGC cases. PD-1 expression in tumor infiltrative lymphocytes (TILs) was observed in 53.3% samples. Tumor PD-L1 positivity, PD-1 expression in TILs and tumor size (>10 mm) was associated with reduced disease-free survival. On multivariate analysis only tumor size (>10 mm) and a combined positivity of PD-L1 in tumor cells and PD-1 in TILs with an odds ratio of 5.212 (95% confidence interval 1.449-18.737) continued to be signifi�cantly associated with SGC recurrence. Conclusion: PD-L1 is overexpressed in 50% of SGC cases. The combined tumor PD-L1 positivity and TILs showing PD-1 expression within the same SGC patient's samples predict high-risk SGC, suggesting that the up-regulation of PD-L1 in tumor cells and PD-1 positivity within the same SGC patient may aggravate tumor recurrence.